# Chirp Soil Moisture {.banner-box} _Image Credit: **WeMakeThings**_{.image-credit-banner-box} # Soil Moisture The Chirp! Sensor is a low cost moisture and temperature sensor developed by [WeMakeThings](https://wemakethings.net/chirp/): a hackers and engineers collective based in Vilnius, Lithuania. Their hardware and software are fully open-source, and it can be easily integrated but also replicated and customized for new projects. ## Working principle The sensor uses capacitive sensing to measure soil's moisture. A 1MHz square wave is output from the chip through a resistor into a big pad that, together with the surrounding ground plane, it forms a parasitic capacitor. The resistor and the capacitor create a low pass filter which cut-off frequency changes with changing capacitance. The soil around the sensor acts as an electrolyte whose dielectric constant changes depending on the amount of moisture in it, so the capacitance of our makeshift capacitor changes too. The filtered square wave is then fed into a peak detector formed of out a diode and a capacitor. An ADC measures this voltage in the microcontroller. The sensor also includes a temperature sensor with a calculated absolute measurement accuracy around 2%. ## Usage and considerations The following metrics are available (only the soil moisture percentage is published to the platform): | Metric | Shell name | Units | API | |:- |:- |:-: |:- | | Soil moisture | `Soil Moisture Percent` | % | [50](https://api.smartcitizen.me/v0/sensors/50) | | Soil moisture (raw) | `Soil Moisture Raw` | - | - | | Soil temperature | `Soil Temperature` | ºC | - | | Light | `Soil Light` | - | - | Metrics with `-` in the API column are not published to the platform. There are different versions of the Chirp sensor, and they are automatically recognized by the SCK. A Grove 4 pin Female Jumper to Grove will need to be used with the sensor to connect it to the SCK. The original Chirp sensors come coated with PRF202 - a moisture resistant varnish for electronics, but it is not enough for actual deployment. For such, one must add additional protection to the whole sensor. We suggest polyester or epoxy resin. However, you must note that sensitivity of the sensor will decrease depending on how thick the layer you are going to apply and might need to be recalibrated. We also recommend covering the electronics with heat shrink to fully waterproof the sensor. Some versions already include a pre-ruggedized sensor, which is a recommended solution for a faster use.  ### Calibration Depending on the application, the sensor would need to be calibrated in with different procedures, but as a general guideline, we need to normalise its readings. Without this process, the raw sensor readings will be meaningless to the user and only some trends could be analysed. This section is a digest of some of these procedures, and more information is given in the notes below. !!! info "More references" - [Capacitance probe calibration](https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/55170/Capacitance-Probe-Calibration.pdf) - [The importance of soil moisture sensor calibration](https://www.edaphic.com.au/soil-water-compendium/soil-moisture-sensor-calibration/) In case of **irrigation scheduling**, it is generally sufficient to simply match the raw readings from each sensor at both 0% (held in air) and 100% water levels (submerged in water). This is, of course, an approximation and will need some further analysis from the user to determine when to irrigate. When a **more accurate measurement is required**, the sensor needs to be calibrated with the actual soil where it's going to be deployed, since different types of soil will have different capacities. A [valid approach](https://www.edaphic.com.au/soil-water-compendium/soil-moisture-sensor-calibration/) is to prepare different samples of the soil with different levels of saturation, and adapt the sensor readings for it.  _Image Source: [Edaphic Scientific](https://www.edaphic.com.au/soil-water-compendium/soil-moisture-sensor-calibration/)_ If we are not aiming to get a full-fledged sensor reading, we will only need to measure the sensor in dry air and fully submerged in water. For that, **we will use**: - A laptop with a serial interface. For instance, the [Arduino IDE](https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software) - Our sensor - A cup filled up with water and a napkin !!! example "Step-by-step" The sensor can be calibrated [using the shell interface](https://docs.smartcitizen.me/guides/getting-started/using-the-shell.md). The process is as follows: 1. Connect your kit to a computer and open the terminal for the SCK. If you use the Arduino IDE, go to Tools > Serial Monitor and select `115200 baud` at the bottom right corner 2. If you use the IDE type `sensor` on the top and click `Send` 3. Check if the output has something like `Soil Moisture Raw (60 sec)` after `Enabled` 4. If it's `Enabled`, **dry the sensor** and type in: `read soil moisture raw`. Repeat this command 5-10 times until you get an stable output (repeat command with _arrow up_) 5. Put the sensor in a cup of water (until the line). Then read the value again `read soil moisture raw` several times. 6. Once you have both values, type in: `control moisture cal XXX YYY` where XXX and YYY are the dry and wet values that you just measured 7. Check that the reading is OK by: `read soil moisture percent`. You should receive an answer in rh% ### Measurement range The sensor does not report soil moisture directly in physical units. The firmware provides: | Metric | Units | Range | |:- |:-: |:- | | Soil moisture (raw) | - | Raw capacitance reading of the sensor (unitless). Higher means wetter | | Soil moisture | % | 0 – 100 %, scaled between the _dry_ and _wet_ calibration points | | Temperature | ºC | Temperature of the sensor | The percentage is relative to the calibration points, so 0 % corresponds to the _dry_ reading and 100 % to the _wet_ reading set during calibration. It is **not** the volumetric water content of the soil. ## Sensor evaluation Three Chirp sensors were compared to the [Parrot](https://www.parrot.com/) Flower Power (now discontinued). The Flower Power can measure several metrics, such as light, temperature, fertilizer and soil moisture. In this test, we compared the soil moisture readings for three Flower Parrot sensors, compared to three Chirp sensors. Both sensors show a good behaviour and the values can be correlated with good R2 scores. The approach for this low-cost sensors, in general, should be more qualitative than quantitative (analyse the trends rather than the absolute values), since their values appear to differ between sensors, even when normalised. In the particular case of the Chirp sensor, the sensor seems to be fairly normalised with simply a two calibration values (water and air) as a first approach.